2. TIRE SAFETY INFORMATION

This portion of the User’s Manual contains tire safety information as required by 49 CFR 575.6. Section 2.1 contains “Steps for Determining Correct Load Limit - Trailer”. Section 2.2 contains “Steps for Determining Correct Load Limit – Tow Vehicle”. Section 2.3 contains a Glossary of Tire Terminology, including “cold inflation pressure”, “maximum inflation pressure”, “recommended inflation pressure”, and other non-technical terms. Section 2.4 contains information from the NHTSA brochure entitled “Tire Safety – Everything Rides On It”.

This brochure, as well as the preceding subsections, describes the following items;

2.1 STEPS FOR DETERMINING CORRECT LOAD LIMIT - TRAILER

Determining the load limits of a trailer includes more than understanding the load limits of the tires alone. On all trailers there is a Federal certification/VIN label that is located on the forward half of the left (road) side of the unit. This certification/VIN label will indicate the trailer’s Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). This is the most weight the fully loaded trailer can weigh. It will also provide the Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR). This is the most a particular axle can weigh. If there are multiple axles, the GAWR of each axle will be provided.

If your trailer has a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less, there is a vehicle placard located in the same location as the certification label described above. This placard provides tire and loading information. In addition, this placard will show a statement regarding maximum cargo capacity. Cargo can be added to the trailer, up to the maximum weight specified on the placard. The combined weight of the cargo is provided as a single number. In any case, remember: the total weight of a fully loaded trailer can not exceed the stated GVWR.

For trailers with living quarters installed, the weight of water and propane also need to be considered. The weight of fully filled propane containers is considered part of the weight of the trailer before it is loaded with cargo, and is not considered part of the disposable cargo load. Water however, is a disposable cargo weight and is treated as such. If there is a fresh water storage tank of 100 gallons, this tank when filled would weigh about 800 pounds. If more cargo is being transported, water can be off-loaded to keep the total amount of cargo added to the vehicle within the limits of the GVWR so as not to overload the vehicle. Understanding this flexibility will allow you, the owner, to make choices that fit your travel needs.

When loading your cargo, be sure it is distributed evenly to prevent overloading front to back and side to side. Heavy items should be placed low and as close to the axle positions as reasonable. Too many items on one side may overload a tire. The best way to know the actual weight of the vehicle is to weigh it at a public scale. Talk to your dealer to discuss the weighing methods needed to capture the various weights related to the trailer. This would include the weight empty or unloaded, weights per axle, wheel, hitch or king-pin, and total weight.

Excessive loads and/or underinflation cause tire overloading and, as a result, abnormal tire flexing occurs. This situation can generate an excessive amount of heat within the tire. Excessive heat may lead to tire failure. It is the air pressure that enables a tire to support the load, so proper inflation is critical. The proper air pressure may be found on the certification/VIN label and/or on the Tire Placard. This value should never exceed the maximum cold inflation pressure stamped on the tire.

2.1.1 Trailers 10,000 Pounds GVWR or Less

Tire and Loading Information Placard – Figure 1-1
  1. Locate the statement, “The weight of cargo should never exceed XXX kg or XXX lbs.,” on your vehicle’s placard. See figure 1-1.
  2. This figure equals the available amount of cargo and luggage load capacity.
  3. Determine the combined weight of luggage and cargo being loaded on the vehicle.  That weight may not safely exceed the available cargo and luggage load capacity.

The trailer’s placard refers to the Tire Information Placard attached adjacent to or near the trailer’s VIN (Certification) label at the left front of the trailer.

2.1.2. Trailers Over 10,000 Pounds GVWR

Note: These trailers are not required to have a tire information placard on the vehicle)

  1. Determine the empty weight of your trailer by weighing the trailer using a public scale or other means.  This step does not have to be repeated.
  2. Locate the GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating) of the trailer on your trailer’s VIN (Certification) label.
  3. Subtract the empty weight of your trailer from the GVWR stated on the VIN label.  That weight is the maximum available cargo capacity of the trailer and may not be safely exceeded.

2.2. Steps for Determining Correct Load Limit – Tow Vehicle

  1. Locate the statement, “The combined weight of occupants and cargo should never exceed XXX lbs.,” on your vehicle’s placard.
  2. Determine the combined weight of the driver and passengers who will be riding in your vehicle.
  3. Subtract the combined weight of the driver and passengers from XXX kilograms or XXX pounds.
  4. The resulting figure equals the available amount of cargo and luggage capacity. For example, if the “XXX” amount equals 1400 lbs. and there will be five 150 lb. passengers in your vehicle, the amount of available cargo and luggage capacity is 650 lbs. (1400-750 (5 x 150) = 650 lbs.).
  5. Determine the combined weight of luggage and cargo being loaded on the vehicle. That weight may not safely exceed the available cargo and luggage capacity calculated in Step # 4.
  6. If your vehicle will be towing a trailer, load from your trailer will be transferred to your vehicle. Consult the tow vehicle’s manual to determine how this weight transfer reduces the available cargo and luggage capacity of your vehicle.

2.3. Glossary of Tire Terminology

Accessory weight
The combined weight (in excess of those standard items which may be replaced) of automatic transmission, power steering, power brakes, power windows, power seats, radio and heater, to the extent that these items are available as factory-installed equipment (whether installed or not).

Bead
The part of the tire that is made of steel wires, wrapped or reinforced by ply cords and that is shaped to fit the rim.

Bead separation
This is the breakdown of the bond between components in the bead.

Bias ply tire
A pneumatic tire in which the ply cords that extend to the beads are laid at alternate angles substantially less than 90 degrees to the centerline of the tread.

Carcass
The tire structure, except tread and sidewall rubber which, when inflated, bears the load.

Chunking
The breaking away of pieces of the tread or sidewall.

Cold inflation pressure
The pressure in the tire before you drive.

Cord
The strands forming the plies in the tire.

Cord separation
The parting of cords from adjacent rubber compounds.

Cracking
Any parting within the tread, sidewall, or inner liner of the tire extending to cord material.

CT
A pneumatic tire with an inverted flange tire and rim system in which the rim is designed with rim flanges pointed radially inward and the tire is designed to fit on the underside of the rim in a manner that encloses the rim flanges inside the air cavity of the tire.

Curb weight
The weight of a motor vehicle with standard equipment including the maximum capacity of fuel, oil, and coolant, and, if so equipped, air conditioning and additional weight optional engine.

Extra load tire
A tire designed to operate at higher loads and at higher inflation pressures than the corresponding standard tire.

Groove
The space between two adjacent tread ribs.

Gross Axle Weight Rating
The maximum weight that any axle can support, as published on the Certification / VIN label on the front left side of the trailer. Actual weight determined by weighing each axle on a public scale, with the trailer attached to the towing vehicle.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
The maximum weight of the fully loaded trailer, as published on the Certification / VIN label. Actual weight determined by weighing trailer on a public scale, without being attached to the towing vehicle.

Hitch Weight
The downward force exerted on the hitch ball by the trailer coupler.

Innerline
The layer(s) forming the inside surface of a tubeless tire that contains the inflating medium within the tire.

Innerliner separation
The parting of the innerliner from cord material in the carcass.

Intended outboard sidewall
The sidewall that contains a white-wall, bears white lettering or bears manufacturer, brand, and/or model name molding that is higher or deeper than the same molding on the other sidewall of the tire or the outward facing sidewall of an asymmetrical tire that has a particular side that must always face outward when mounted on a vehicle.

Light truck (LT) tire
A tire designated by its manufacturer as primarily intended for use on lightweight trucks or multipurpose passenger vehicles.

Load rating
The maximum load that a tire is rated to carry for a given inflation pressure.

Maximum load rating
The load rating for a tire at the maximum permissible inflation pressure for that tire.

Maximum permissible inflation pressure
The maximum cold inflation pressure to which a tire may be inflated.

Maximum loaded vehicle weight
The sum of curb weight, accessory weight, vehicle capacity weight, and production options weight.

Measuring rim
The rim on which a tire is fitted for physical dimension requirements.

Pin Weight
The downward force applied to the 5th wheel or gooseneck ball, by the trailer kingpin or gooseneck coupler.

Non-pneumatic rim
A mechanical device which, when a non-pneumatic tire assembly incorporates a wheel, supports the tire, and attaches, either integrally or separably, to the wheel center member and upon which the tire is attached.

Non-pneumatic spare tire assembly
A non-pneumatic tire assembly intended for temporary use in place of one of the pneumatic tires and rims that are fitted to a passenger car in compliance with the requirements of this standard.

Non-pneumatic tire
A mechanical device which transmits, either directly or through a wheel or wheel center member, the vertical load and tractive forces from the roadway to the vehicle, generates the tractive forces that provide the directional control of the vehicle and does not rely on the containment of any gas or flid for providing those functions.

Non-pneumatic tire assembly
A non-pneumatic tire, alone or in combination with a wheel or wheel center member, which can be mounted on a vehicle.

Normal occupant weight
This means 68 kilograms (150 lbs.) times the number of occupants specified in the second column of Table I of 49 CFR 571.110.

Occupant distribution
The distribution of occupants in a vehicle as specified in the third column of Table I of 49 CFR 571.110.

Open splice
Any parting at any junction of tread, sidewall, or innerliner that extends to cord material.

Outer diameter
The overall diameter of an inflated new tire.

Overall width
The linear distance between the exteriors of the sidewalls of an inflated tire, including elevations due to labeling, decorations, or protective bands or ribs.

Ply
A layer of rubber-coated parallel cords.

Ply separation
A parting of rubber compound between adjacent plies.

Pneumatic tire
A mechanical device made of rubber, chemicals, fabric and steel or other materials, that, when mounted on an automotive wheel, provides the traction and contains the gas or fluid that sustains the load.

Production options weight
The combined weight of those installed regular production options weighing over 2.3 kilograms (5 lbs.) in excess of those standard items which they replace, not previously considered in curb weight or accessory weight, including heavy duty brakes, ride levelers, roof rack, heavy duty battery, and special trim.

Radial ply tire
A pneumatic tire in which the ply cords that extend to the beads are laid at substantially 90 degrees to the centerline of the tread.

Recommended inflation pressure
This is the inflation pressure provided by the vehicle manufacturer on the Tire Information label and on the Certification / VIN tag.

Reinforced tire
A tire designed to operate at higher loads and at higher inflation pressures than the corresponding standard tire.

Rim
A metal support for a tire or a tire and tube assembly upon which the tire beads are seated.

Rim diameter
This means the nominal diameter of the bead seat.

Rim size designation
This means the rim diameter and width.

Rim type designation
This means the industry of manufacturer’s designation for a rim by style or code.

Rim width
This means the nominal distance between rim flanges.

Section width
The linear distance between the exteriors of the sidewalls of an inflated tire, excluding elevations due to labeling, decoration, or protective bands.

Sidewall
That portion of a tire between the tread and bead.

Sidewall separation
The parting of the rubber compound from the cord material in the sidewall.

Special Trailer (ST) tire
The "ST" is an indication the tire is for trailer use only.

Test rim
The rim on which a tire is fitted for testing, and may be any rim listed as appropriate for use with that tire.

Tread
That portion of a tire that comes into contact with the road.

Tread rib
A tread section running circumferentially around a tire.

Tread separation
Pulling away of the tread from the tire carcass.

Treadwear indicators (TWI)
The projections within the principal grooves designed to give a visual indication of the degrees of wear of the tread.

Vehicle capacity weight
The rated cargo and luggage load plus 68 kilograms (150 lbs.) times the vehicle’s designated seating capacity.

Vehicle maximum load on the tire
The load on an individual tire that is determined by distributing to each axle its share of the maximum loaded vehicle weight and dividing by two.

Vehicle normal load on the tire
The load on an individual tire that is determined by distributing to each axle its share of the curb weight, accessory weight, and normal occupant weight (distributed in accordance with Table I of CRF 49 571.110) and dividing by 2.

Weather side
The surface area of the rim not covered by the inflated tire.

Wheel center member
In the case of a non-pneumatic tire assembly incorporating a wheel, a mechanical device which attaches, either integrally or separably, to the non-pneumatic rim and provides the connection between the non-pneumatic rim and the vehicle; or, in the case of a non-pneumatic tire assembly not incorporating a wheel, a mechanical device which attaches, either integrally or separably, to the non-pneumatic tire and provides the connection between tire and the vehicle.

Wheel-holding fixture
The fixture used to hold the wheel and tire assembly securely during testing.

2.4. Tire Safety - Everything Rides On It

The National Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has published a brochure (DOT HS 809 361) that discusses all aspects of Tire Safety, as required by CFR 575.6. This brochure is reproduced in part below.  It can be obtained and downloaded from NHTSA, free of charge, from the following web site:

http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/TireSafety/ridesonit/tires_index.html

Studies of tire safety show that maintaining proper tire pressure, observing tire and vehicle load limits (not carrying more weight in your vehicle than your tires or vehicle can safely handle), avoiding road hazards, and inspecting tires for cuts, slashes, and other irregularities are the most important things you can do to avoid tire failure, such as tread separation or blowout and flat tires. These actions, along with other care and maintenance activities, can also:

This booklet presents a comprehensive overview of tire safety, including information on the following topics:

Use this information to make tire safety a regular part of your vehicle maintenance routine. Recognize that the time you spend is minimal compared with the inconvenience and safety consequences of a flat tire or other tire failure.

2.5. Safety First–Basic Tire Maintenance

Properly maintained tires improve the steering, stopping, traction, and load-carrying capability of your vehicle. Underinflated tires and overloaded vehicles are a major cause of tire failure. Therefore, as mentioned above, to avoid flat tires and other types of tire failure, you should maintain proper tire pressure, observe tire and vehicle load limits, avoid road hazards, and regularly inspect your tires.

2.5.1. Finding Your Vehicle's Recommended Tire Pressure and Load Limits

Tire information placards and vehicle certification labels contain information on tires and load limits. These labels indicate the vehicle manufacturer's information including:

Both placards and certification labels are permanently attached to the trailer near the left front.

2.5.2. Understanding Tire Pressure and Load Limits

Tire inflation pressure is the level of air in the tire that provides it with load-carrying capacity and affects the overall performance of the vehicle. The tire inflation pressure is a number that indicates the amount of air pressure– measured in pounds per square inch (psi)–a tire requires to be properly inflated. (You will also find this number on the vehicle information placard expressed in kilopascals (kpa), which is the metric measure used internationally.)

Manufacturers of passenger vehicles and light trucks determine this number based on the vehicle's design load limit, that is, the greatest amount of weight a vehicle can safely carry and the vehicle's tire size.  The proper tire pressure for your vehicle is referred to as the "recommended cold inflation pressure." (As you will read below, it is difficult to obtain the recommended tire pressure if your tires are not cold.)

Because tires are designed to be used on more than one type of vehicle, tire manufacturers list the "maximum permissible inflation pressure" on the tire sidewall. This number is the greatest amount of air pressure that should ever be put in the tire under normal driving conditions.

2.5.3. Checking Tire Pressure

It is important to check your vehicle's tire pressure at least once a month for the following reasons:

For convenience, purchase a tire pressure gauge to keep in your vehicle. Gauges can be purchased at tire dealerships, auto supply stores, and other retail outlets.

The recommended tire inflation pressure that vehicle manufacturers provide reflects the proper psi when a tire is cold. The term cold does not relate to the outside temperature. Rather, a cold tire is one that has not been driven on for at least three hours. When you drive, your tires get warmer, causing the air pressure within them to increase. Therefore, to get an accurate tire pressure reading, you must measure tire pressure when the tires are cold or compensate for the extra pressure in warm tires.  

2.5.4. Steps for Maintaining Proper Tire Pressure

If you have been driving your vehicle and think that a tire is underinflated, fill it to the recommended cold inflation pressure indicated on your vehicle's tire information placard or certification label. While your tire may still be slightly underinflated due to the extra pounds of pressure in the warm tire, it is safer to drive with air pressure that is slightly lower than the vehicle manufacturer's recommended cold inflation pressure than to drive with a significantly underinflated tire. Since this is a temporary fix, don't forget to recheck and adjust the tire's pressure when you can obtain a cold reading.

2.5.5. Tire Size
To maintain tire safety, purchase new tires that are the same size as the vehicle's original tires or another size recommended by the manufacturer. Look at the tire information placard, the owner's manual, or the sidewall of the tire you are replacing to find this information. If you have any doubt about the correct size to choose, consult with the tire dealer. 

2.5.6. Tire Tread

The tire tread provides the gripping action and traction that prevent your vehicle from slipping or sliding, especially when the road is wet or icy. In general, tires are not safe and should be replaced when the tread is worn down to 1/16 of an inch. Tires have built-in treadwear indicators that let you know when it is time to replace your tires. These indicators are raised sections spaced intermittently in the bottom of the tread grooves. When they appear "even" with the outside of the tread, it is time to replace your tires. Another method for checking tread depth is to place a penny in the tread with Lincoln's head upside down and facing you. If you can see the top of Lincoln's head, you are ready for new tires. 

2.5.7. Tire Balance and Wheel Alignment

To avoid vibration or shaking of the vehicle when a tire rotates, the tire must be properly balanced. This balance is achieved by positioning weights on the wheel to counterbalance heavy spots on the wheel-and-tire assembly. A wheel alignment adjusts the angles of the wheels so that they are positioned correctly relative to the vehicle's frame. This adjustment maximizes the life of your tires. These adjustments require special equipment and should be performed by a qualified technician.

2.5.8. Tire Repair

The proper repair of a punctured tire requires a plug for the hole and a patch for the area inside the tire that surrounds the puncture hole. Punctures through the tread can be repaired if they are not too large, but punctures to the sidewall should not be repaired. Tires must be removed from the rim to be properly inspected before being plugged and patched.

2.5.9. Tire Fundamentals

Federal law requires tire manufacturers to place standardized information on the sidewall of all tires. This information identifies and describes the fundamental characteristics of the tire and also provides a tire identification number for safety standard certification and in case of a recall.  

2.5.9.1. Information on Passenger Vehicle Tires

Please refer to the diagram below.

P
The "P" indicates the tire is for passenger vehicles.

Next number
This three-digit number gives the width in millimeters of the tire from sidewall edge to sidewall edge. In general, the larger the number, the wider the tire.

Next number
This two-digit number, known as the aspect ratio, gives the tire's ratio of height to width. Numbers of 70 or lower indicate a short sidewall for improved steering response and better overall handling on dry pavement.

R
The "R" stands for radial. Radial ply construction of tires has been the industry standard for the past 20 years.

Next number
This two-digit number is the wheel or rim diameter in inches. If you change your wheel size, you will have to purchase new tires to match the new wheel diameter.

Next number
This two- or three-digit number is the tire's load index. It is a measurement of how much weight each tire can support. You may find this information in your owner's manual. If not, contact a local tire dealer. Note: You may not find this information on all tires because it is not required by law.

M+S
The "M+S" or "M/S" indicates that the tire has some mud and snow capability. Most radial tires have these markings; hence, they have some mud and snow capability.

Speed Rating
The speed rating denotes the speed at which a tire is designed to be driven for extended periods of time. The ratings range from 99 miles per hour (mph) to 186 mph. These ratings are listed below. Note: You may not find this information on all tires because it is not required by law.

* For tires with a maximum speed capability over 149 mph, tire manufacturers sometimes use the letters ZR. For those with a maximum speed capability over 186 mph, tire manufacturers always use the letters ZR.

U.S. DOT Tire Identification Number
This begins with the letters "DOT" and indicates that the tire meets all federal standards. The next two numbers or letters are the plant code where it was manufactured, and the last four numbers represent the week and year the tire was built. For example, the numbers 3197 means the 31st week of 1997. The other numbers are marketing codes used at the manufacturer's discretion. This information is used to contact consumers if a tire defect requires a recall.

Tire Ply Composition and Materials Used
The number of plies indicates the number of layers of rubber-coated fabric in the tire. In general, the greater the number of plies, the more weight a tire can support. Tire manufacturers also must indicate the materials in the tire, which include steel, nylon, polyester, and others.

Maximum Load Rating
This number indicates the maximum load in kilograms and pounds that can be carried by the tire.

Maximum Permissible Inflation Pressure
This number is the greatest amount of air pressure that should ever be put in the tire under normal driving conditions.

2.5.9.2 UTQGS Information
Treadwear Number
This number indicates the tire's wear rate. The higher the treadwear number is, the longer it should take for the tread to wear down. For example, a tire graded 400 should last twice as long as a tire graded 200.

Traction Letter
This letter indicates a tire's ability to stop on wet pavement. A higher graded tire should allow you to stop your car on wet roads in a shorter distance than a tire with a lower grade. Traction is graded from highest to lowest as "AA","A", "B", and "C".

Temperature Letter
This letter indicates a tire's resistance to heat. The temperature grade is for a tire that is inflated properly and not overloaded. Excessive speed, underinflation or excessive loading, either separately or in combination, can cause heat build-up and possible tire failure. From highest to lowest, a tire's resistance to heat is graded as "A", "B", or "C".

2.5.9.3 Additional Information on Light Truck Tires

Please refer to the following diagram.

additional information on light truck tires

Tires for light trucks have other markings besides those found on the sidewalls of passenger tires.

LT
The "LT" indicates the tire is for light trucks or trailers.

ST
An "ST" is an indication the tire is for trailer use only.

Max. Load Dual kg (lbs) at kPa (psi) Cold
This information indicates the maximum load and tire pressure when the tire is used as a dual, that is, when four tires are put on each rear axle (a total of six or more tires on the vehicle).

Max. Load Single kg (lbs) at kPa (psi) Cold
This information indicates the maximum load and tire pressure when the tire is used as a single.

Load Range
This information identifies the tire's load-carrying capabilities and its inflation limits.

2.6. Tire Safety Tips

Preventing Tire Damage

Tire Safety Checklist

3. Coupling To The Tow Vehicle

Follow all of the safety precautions and instructions in this manual to ensure safety of persons, cargo, and satisfactory life of the trailer.

3.1. Use An Adequate Tow Vehicle And Hitch

If the vehicle or hitch is not properly selected and matched to the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of your trailer, you can cause an accident that could lead to death or serious injury. If you already have a tow vehicle, know your vehicle tow rating and make certain your trailer rating is equal to or less than that of the tow vehicle. If you already have (or plan to buy) a trailer, make certain that the tow rating of the tow vehicle is equal to or greater than that of the trailer.

danger

Use of a hitch with a load rating less than the load rating of the trailer can result in loss of control and may lead to death or serious injury.

Use of a tow vehicle with a towing capacity less than the load rating of the trailer can result in loss of control, and may lead to death or serious injury.

Be sure your hitch and tow vehicle are rated for the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of your trailer.

3.1.1. Trailer Information

The "Trailer VIN Tag" location figure shows the location of the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) tag on your trailer.

VIN Tag Location
CLICK TO ENLARGE
VIN Tag Contents

CLICK TO ENLARGE

The trailer VIN tag contains the following critical safety information for the use of your trailer.

GAWR: The maximum gross weight that an axle can support. It is the lowest of axle, wheel, or tire rating. Usually, the tire or wheel rating is lower than the axle rating, and determines GAWR.

GVWR: The maximum allowable gross weight of the trailer and its contents. The gross weight of the trailer includes the weight of the trailer and all of the items within it (such as cargo, water, food and other supplies). GVWR is sometimes referred to as GTWR (Gross Trailer Weight Rating), or MGTW (Maximum Gross Trailer Weight). GVWR, GTWR and MGTW are all the same rating.

The sum total of the GAWR for all trailer axles may be less than the GVWR for the trailer, because some of the trailer load is to be carried by the tow vehicle, rather than by the trailer axle(s). The total weight of the cargo and trailer must not exceed the GVWR, and the load on an axle must not exceed its GAWR.

PSIC: The tire pressure (Pounds per Square Inch) measured when Cold.

VIN: The Vehicle Identification Number. The last 6 digits of the VIN number signify the trailer's serial number. This number is stamped into the trailers Frame in certain locations. Neo stamps the serial number on the roadside tongue frame of the trailer. 

EMPTY WEIGHT: Some information that comes with the trailer (such as the Manufacturer's Statement of Origin) is not a reliable source for "empty" or "net" weight. The shipping documents list average or standard weights and your trailer may be equipped with options. To determine the "empty" or "net" weight of your trailer, weigh it on an axle scale. Because an axle scale weighs all axles, including the tow vehicle axles, and because some of the trailer weight will be transferred from the trailer to the tow vehicle axles, you must know the axle weights of your tow vehicle without the trailer coupled, to find the weight of the trailer using an axle scale.

3.1.2. Tow Vehicle

When equipping a new vehicle or an older vehicle to tow your trailer, ask the vehicle dealer for advice on how to outfit the towing vehicle. Discuss the following information and equipment with the vehicle dealer.

Overall Carrying and Towing Capacity of Vehicle
Vehicle manufacturers will provide you with the maximum capacities of their various models. No amount of reinforcement will give a 100 horsepower, 2,500 pound truck the towing capacity that a 300 horsepower, 5,000 pound truck has.

Towing Hitch
The towing hitch attached to your tow vehicle must have a capacity equal to or greater than the load rating of the trailer you intend to tow. The hitch capacity must also be matched to the tow vehicle capacity. Only your vehicle dealer can provide and install the proper hitch on your tow vehicle.

Suspension System
Sway bars, shock absorbers, heavy duty springs, heavy duty tires and other suspension components must be able to sufficiently serve the size and weight of the trailer that is going to be towed.

Brake Controller
The brake controller is part of the tow vehicle and is essential in the operation of the electric brakes on the trailer. Your manufacturer provides electric brakes on trailers with a GVWR of 3,000 pounds or more. The brake controller is not the same as the safety breakaway brake system that may be equipped on the trailer.

Side View Mirrors
The size of the trailer that is being towed and your state law regulations determine the size of the mirrors. However, some states prohibit extended mirrors on a tow vehicle, except while a trailer is actually being towed. In this situation, detachable extended mirrors are necessary. Check with your dealer or the appropriate state agency for mirror requirements.

Heavy Duty Flasher
A Heavy Duty Flasher is an electrical component that may be required when your trailer turn signal lights are attached to the tow vehicle flasher circuit.

Electrical Connector
An Electrical Connector connects the light and brake systems on the trailer to the light and brake controls on the towing vehicle.

Heavy Duty Engine Oil Cooling System
The tow vehicle engine works harder when a trailer is being towed. Depending on the size of the trailer, you may need to install a separate engine oil cooler. Inadequate cooling may result in sudden engine failure. Ask the tow vehicle dealer if it is necessary to install a heavy duty cooling system.

Automatic Transmission Oil Cooler
The automatic transmission of a towing vehicle handles more power when a trailer is being towed. Inadequate cooling will shorten transmission life, and may result in sudden transmission failure. Ask the tow vehicle dealer if it is necessary to install a separate oil cooler for the automatic transmission.

Fire Extinguisher
It is sensible to have a fire extinguisher in the tow vehicle.

Emergency Flares and Emergency Triangle Reflectors
It is wise to carry these warning devices even if you are not towing a trailer. It is particularly important to have these when towing a trailer because the hazard flashers of your towing vehicle will not operate for as long a period of time when the battery is running both the trailer lights and tow vehicle lights.

3.2. Coupling adn Uncoupling the Trailer

A secure coupling (or fastening) of the trailer to the tow vehicle is essential. A loss of coupling may result in death or serious injury. Therefore, you must understand and follow all of the instructions for coupling.

The following parts are involved in making a secure coupling between the trailer and tow vehicle:

Coupler:
A device on the tongue of the trailer that connects to the hitch on the tow vehicle.

Hitch:
A device on the tow vehicle that supports the weight of the trailer tongue and pulls the trailer. The coupler attaches to the hitch.

Safety chains:
If the coupler connection comes loose, the safety chains can keep the trailer attached to the tow vehicle. With properly rigged safety chains, it is possible to keep the tongue of the trailer from digging into the road pavement, even if the coupler-to-hitch connection comes apart.

Trailer lighting (and braking) connector:
A device that connects electrical power from the tow vehicle to the trailer. Electricity is used to turn on brake lights, running lights, and turn signals as required. In addition, if you trailer has a separate braking system, the electrical connector will also supply power to the brakes from the tow vehicle.

Breakaway switch:
If the coupler connection comes loose, the breakaway switch can actuate emergency electrical brakes on the trailer. The breakaway switch must be rigged to the tow vehicle with appropriate slack that will activate the switch if the coupler connection comes loose.

Jack:
A device on the trailer that is used to raise and lower the coupler. The jack is sometimes called the "landing gear."

warning

An improperly coupled trailer can result in death or serious injury. Do not move the trailer until:

Do not tow the trailer on the road until:

VARIOUS COUPLER DESIGNS . . .

Trailers are produced with a variety of coupler devices. One of the sections below will pertain to your trailer.

If the coupler on your trailer does not resemble one of the couplers shown in the figures, see the separate coupler instructions. If you do not have separate coupler instructions, call Neo Manufacturing at 269-503-7630 for a free copy.

3.2.1. Trailer with Ball-Hitch Coupler

A ball hitch coupler connects to a ball that is located on or under the rear bumper of tow vehicle. This system of coupling a trailer to a tow vehicle is sometimes referred to as "bumper pull."

A ball hitch trailer may be fitted with a tongue jack that can raise and lower the coupler. The tongue jack is mounted to the A-frame (front, or tongue) part of the trailer. By rotating the jack handle clockwise, the jack will extend and raise the tongue of the trailer.

Trailer with Ball-hitch Coupler

CLICK TO ENLARGE

We have utilized a Ball Hitch coupler that is suitable for the size and weight of the trailer. The load rating of the coupler and the necessary ball size are listed on the trailer tongue. You must provide a hitch and ball for your tow vehicle, where the load rating of the hitch and ball is equal to or greater than that of your trailer. Also, the ball size must be the same as the coupler size. If the hitch ball is too small, too large, is underrated, is loose or is worn, the trailer can come loose from the tow vehicle, and may cause death or serious injury.

THE TOW VEHICLE, HITCH AND BALL MUST HAVE A RATED TOWING CAPACITY EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE TRAILER GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating).

IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE HITCH BALL BE OF THE SAME SIZE AS THE COUPLER.

The ball size and load rating (capacity) are marked on the ball; hitch capacity is marked on the hitch.

3.2.1.1. Before coupling the trailer to the tow vehicle

Be sure the size and rating of hitch ball match the size and rating of the coupler. Hitch balls and couplers are marked with their size and rating.

warning

Coupler-to-hitch mismatch can result in uncoupling, leading to death or serious injury.

Be sure the LOAD RATING of the hitch ball is equal or greater than the load rating of the coupler.

Be sure the SIZE of the hitch ball matches the size of the coupler.

warning

A worn, cracked or corroded hitch ball can fail while towing, and may result in death or serious injury.

Before coupling trailer, inspect the hitch ball for wear, corrosion and cracks.

Replace worn or damaged hitch ball.

warning

A loose hitchball nut can result in uncoupling, leading to death or serious injury.

Be sure the hitch ball is tight to the hitch before coupling the trailer.

3.2.1.2. Prepare the coupler and hitch

Figure 2-1
Ball Hitch Coupler Mechanism

CLICK TO ENLARGE

3.2.1.3. Couple the trailer to the tow vehicle

If your trailer does not have a jack, you will have to lift the coupler and place it over the ball.

warning

Overloading can damage the tongue jack. Do not use the tongue jack to raise the tow vehicle more than 1 inch.

If the coupler cannot be secured to the hitch ball, do not tow the trailer.

Call your dealer or Neo Manufacturing at 269-503-7630 for assistance. Lower the trailer so that its entire tongue weight is held by the hitch, and continue retracting the jack to its fully retraced position.

3.2.1.4. Rig the safety chains

Safety Chain Arrangement - Bumper Pull Trailer
warning

Improper rigging of the safety chains can result in loss of control of the trailer and tow vehicle, leading to death or serious injury, if the trailer uncouples from the tow vehicle.

3.2.1.5. Attach and test electric breakaway brake system

If the coupler or hitch fails, a properly connected and working breakaway brake system will apply electric brakes on the trailer. The safety chains will keep the tow vehicle attached and as the brakes are applied at the trailer's axles, the trailer/tow vehicle combination will come to a controlled stop.

The breakaway brake system includes a battery, a switch with a pull-pin, and a breakaway brake controller. Read and follow the instructions here as well as the instructions that have been prepared by the breakaway brake controller manufacturer. If you do not have these instructions, call Neo Manufacturing at 269-503-7630 for a free copy.

The breakaway brake system may be fitted with a charging facility that draws power from the tow vehicle. If the electrical system on your tow vehicle does not provide power to the breakaway brake battery, you must periodically charge the battery to keep the breakaway brake system in working order.

Breakaway Brake - Bumper Pull Trailer
warning

An ineffective breakaway brake system can result in a runaway trailer, leading to death or serious injury if the coupler or ball hitch fails.

Connect the breakaway cable to the tow vehicle; and NOT to the hitch, ball or support.

Before towing the trailer, test the function of the breakaway brake system. If the breakaway brake system is not working, do not tow the trailer. Have it serviced or repaired.

Do not tow the trailer with the breakaway brake system ON because the brakes will overheat which can result in permanent brake failure.

warning

Failure to replace the pull-pin will prevent brakes from working, leading to loss of control, serious injury or death.

If you do not use your trailer for three or more months, or during winter months:

Replace the breakaway brake battery according to the battery at intervals specified by manufacturer.

3.2.1.6. Connect the electrical cables

Connect the trailer lights to the tow vehicle's electrical system using the electrical connectors.

If your trailer has electric brakes, your tow vehicle will have an electric brake controller that sends power to the trailer brakes. Before towing the trailer on the road, you must operate the brake controller while trying to pull the trailer in order to confirm that the electric brakes operate. While towing the trailer at less than 5 m.p.h., manually operate the electric brake controller in the tow vehicle cab. You should feel the operation of the trailer brakes.

warning

Improper electrical connection between the tow vehicle and the trailer will result in inoperable lights and electric brakes, and can lead to collision.

Before each tow:

3.2.1.7. Uncoupling the Ball Hitch Trailer with Tongue Jack

Follow these steps to uncouple your ball hitch trailer from the tow vehicle:

3.2.2. Trailer with Gooseneck Coupler and Drop-leg Jack

A gooseneck coupler on the trailer connects to a gooseneck ball that you must have installed in the bed of the tow vehicle. This system of coupling a trailer to a tow vehicle permits the tow vehicle to turn to sharper angles than are permitted by a bumper hitch system. A gooseneck coupler consists of a tube in an inverted "U" shape and a gooseneck ball receiver. "Trailer with Gooseneck Hitch Coupler" figure shows a trailer with a gooseneck coupler.

We have utilized a Gooseneck ball receiver that is suitable for the size and weight of the trailer. The load rating of the coupler and the necessary ball size are listed on the gooseneck.

You must provide a gooseneck ball and support structure that is marked with a rating that meets or exceeds the GVW Rating of your trailer and matches the size of the gooseneck ball receiver. If the gooseneck ball is too small, is underrated, is loose or is worn, the trailer can come loose from the tow vehicle, and may lead to death or serious injury.

THE TOW VEHICLE, SUPPORT STRUCTURE AND GOOSENECK BALL MUST HAVE A RATED TOWING CAPACITY EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE TRAILER GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING (GVWR).

IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE GOOSENECK BALL BE OF THE SAME SIZE AS THE GOOSENECK BALL RECEIVER.

The gooseneck ball size and load rating (capacity) are marked on the ball; hitch capacity is marked on the hitch.

warning

Coupler-to-hitch mismatch can result in uncoupling, leading to death or serious injury.

Be sure the LOAD RATING of the hitch ball is equal or greater than the load rating of the coupler.

Be sure the SIZE of the hitch ball matches the size of the coupler.

The height of the ball receiver on the trailer must be adjusted to match the height of the gooseneck ball on your tow vehicle, so that:

The "Gooseneck Ball Receiver and Height Adjustment" figure shows the gooseneck height adjustment. The gooseneck height adjustment bolts, which have a "cup" that makes a gripping impression into the gooseneck tube, must be tight so that the trailer does not drop to a lower position. Do not over-tighten because the tube can be deformed. After tightening the bolts, tighten the jam nuts on the bolts.

Gooseneck Ball Receiver
Height Adjustment
CLICK TO ENLARGE
warning

Improper gooseneck height adjustment can result in overloaded tires, blowout and loss of control, leading to death or serious injury.

Adjust the gooseneck receiver so that the loaded trailer is level.

A trailer having a gooseneck hitch will have one or two drop-leg jacks for raising and lowering the gooseneck ball receiver. Because we use several drop-leg jack mechanisms, the general instructions below may vary slightly from the jack manufacturer's instructions. If the trailer jack on your trailer does not resemble the jack shown in the figures, follow the jack instructions provided by the jack manufacturer. If you do not have these instructions, call Neo Manufacturing at 269-503-7630 for a free copy.

Drop-leg Jack Arrangement
CLICK TO ENLARGE

Before attempting to tow the trailer:

warning

A worn, cracked or corroded gooseneck ball can fail while towing, and may result in death or serious injury.

Before coupling the trailer, inspect the gooseneck ball for wear, corrosion and cracks; and replace worn or damaged gooseneck ball.

warning

A loose gooseneck ball can result in uncoupling, leading to death or serious injury.

Be sure the gooseneck ball nut is tight before coupling the trailer.

3.2.2.1. Prepare the ball receiver and gooseneck ball

warning

If the trailer drops during coupling, death or serious injury may result.

There must be no one under the trailer or coupler before or during the coupling operation.

3.2.2.2. Couple the trailer to the tow vehicle

warning

Overloading can damage the drop-leg jack. Do not use the drop-leg jack to raise the tow vehicle more than 1 inch.

If the gooseneck ball cannot be secured to the receiver, do not tow the trailer. Call Neo Manufacturing at 269-503-7630 or your dealer for assistance.

Drop-Leg Mechanism
CLICK TO ENLARGE
caution

The drop legs are heavily spring loaded in the lowered position. They will rapidly return to the upper position when released and can inflict serious bruises, scrapes or pinching.

Keep your feet, shins and hands well clear of the drop legs and drop leg bases when releasing the drop legs.

Always wear shoes or boots while performing this operation.

3.2.2.3. Rig the safety chains

warning

Improper rigging of the safety chains can result in loss of control of the trailer and tow vehicle, leading to death or serious injury, if the trailer uncouples from the tow vehicle.

3.2.2.4. Attach and test the breakaway brake system

If the coupler or hitch fails, a properly connected and working breakaway brake system will apply electric brakes on the trailer. The safety chains will keep the tow vehicle attached and as the brakes are applied at the trailer's axles, the trailer/tow vehicle combination will come to a controlled stop.

The breakaway brake system includes a battery, a switch with a pull-pin, and a breakaway brake controller. Read and follow the instructions here as well as the instructions that have been prepared by the breakaway brake controller manufacturer. If you do not have these instructions, call Neo Manufacturing at 269-503-7630 for a free copy.

Breakaway Brake System - Gooseneck Coupler

The breakaway brake system may be fitted with a charging facility that draws power from the tow vehicle. If the electrical system on your tow vehicle does not provide power to the breakaway brake battery you must periodically charge the battery on the trailer to keep the breakaway brake system in working order.

warning

An ineffective or inoperative breakaway brake system can result in a runaway trailer leading to death or serious injury if the coupler or hitch fails.

Connect the breakaway cable to the tow vehicle; and NOT to the safety chain, safety chain receiver, gooseneck ball or gooseneck ball support.

Test the function of the breakaway brake system before towing the trailer. Do not tow the trailer if the breakaway brake system is not working. Have it serviced or repaired.

Do not tow the trailer with the breakaway brake system ON because the brakes will overheat which can result in permanent brake failure.

warning

Failure to replace the pullpin will prevent brakes from working, leading to loss of control, serious injury or death.

If you do not use your trailer for three or more months, or during winter months:

Replace the breakaway brake battery at intervals recommended by the battery manufacturer's instructions.

3.2.2.5. Connect the electrical cables

Connect the trailer lights to the tow vehicle's electrical system using the electrical connectors.

If your trailer has electric brakes, your tow vehicle will have an electric brake controller that sends power to the trailer brakes. Before towing the trailer on the road, you must operate the brake controller while trying to pull the trailer in order to confirm that the electric brakes operate. While towing the trailer at less than 5 m.p.h., manually operate the electric brake controller in the tow vehicle cab. You should feel the operation of the trailer brakes.

warning

Improper electrical connection between the tow vehicle and the trailer will result in inoperable lights and electric brakes, and can lead to collision.
Before each tow:

3.2.2.6. Uncoupling the Gooseneck Trailer with Drop-leg Jack

Follow these steps to uncouple your gooseneck hitch trailer from the tow vehicle:

caution

The drop legs are heavily spring loaded in the lowered position. They will rapidly return to the upper position when released and can inflict serious bruises, scrapes or pinching.

Keep your feet, shins and hands well clear of the drop legs and drop leg bases when releasing the drop legs.

Always wear shoes or boots while performing this operation

warning

If the drop legs are not set at the same level, one of the drop leg jacks can be overloaded and can be damaged.

warning

Do not use high speed to lift the trailer, the drop leg jack mechanism can be damaged.

High speed is used only to rapidly move the drop leg base into contact with the ground.

Continue to extend the jack(s), making sure that the ground is providing stable and level support for the trailer. After the jack(s) are extended and the gooseneck ball receiver is well clear of the gooseneck ball, to permit driving the tow vehicle away, disengage the handle from its shaft and return to its holder.

3.2.3. Trailer with Fifth-wheel Coupler and Drop-leg Jack

A fifth wheel pin box on the trailer (see "Trailer with Fifth Wheel Pin Box" and "Fifth Wheel Coupler" figures) connects to a Fifth Wheel Hitch that you must have installed in the bed of the tow vehicle. This system of coupling a trailer to a tow vehicle has a greater tongue weight capacity than a ball hitch or gooseneck coupling.

A fifth wheel pin box includes an adjustable pin box with a 2" pin, at the bottom which slides into and locks inside the fifth wheel hitch in the tow vehicle. See the Fifth Wheel Hitch instructions.

We have utilized a fifth wheel pin box that is suitable for the size and weight of the trailer. You must provide a fifth wheel hitch that match the pin box, and that is rated for the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of your trailer.

Figure 2-2 Trailer with
Fifth Wheel Pin Box

CLICK TO ENLARGE

3.2.3.1. Before attempting to tow the trailer

warning

A worn, bent, cracked or corroded pin box can fail while towing, and may result in death or serious injury.

Before coupling the trailer, inspect the pin box and fithwheel hitch for wear, bending, cracks or corrosion; and replace worn or damaged parts.

warning

A loose fifth wheel or pin box can result in uncoupling, leading to death or serious injury.

Be sure the fifth wheel and pin box are tight before towing the trailer.

warning

If the trailer drops during coupling, death or serious injury may result.

There must be no one under the trailer or coupler before or during the coupling operation.

warning

An improperly coupled fifth wheel can come loose, resulting in death or serious injury.

Do not tow the trailer until all of the visual checks have been performed:

Raise the Drop Leg Jack

A trailer having a fifth wheel pin box will be outfitted with one or two drop leg jacks for raising and lowering the fifth wheel coupler. Because we use several drop leg jack mechanisms, the general instructions below may vary slightly from the jack manufacturer's instructions. If the trailer jack on your trailer does not resemble the jack shown in the figures, follow the jack instructions provided by the jack manufacturer. If you do not have these instructions, call Neo Manufacturing at 269-503-7630 for a free copy.

Breakaway Brake System - Gooseneck Coupler

caution

The drop legs are heavily spring loaded in the lowered position. They will rapidly return to the upper position when released and can inflict serious bruises, scrapes or pinching.

Keep your feet, shins and hands well clear of the drop legs and drop leg bases when releasing the drop legs.

Always wear shoes or boots while performing this operation

3.2.3.2. Attach and test the breakaway brake system

If the coupler fails, a properly connected and working breakaway brake system will apply electric brakes on the trailer.

The breakaway brake system includes a battery, a switch with a pullpin, and a breakaway brake controller. Read and follow the instructions here as well as the instructions that have been prepared by the breakaway brake controller manufacturer. If you do not have these instructions, call Neo Manufacturing at 269-503-7630 for a free copy.

Breakaway Brake System - Fifthwheel Pin Box

The breakaway brake system may be fitted with a charging facility that draws power from the tow vehicle. If the electrical system on your tow vehicle does not provide power to the breakaway brake battery, you must periodically charge the battery to keep the breakaway brake system in working order.

warning

An ineffective breakaway brake system can result in a runaway trailer leading to death or serious injury if the coupler fails.

Connect the breakaway cable to the tow vehicle, and NOT to the kingpin or its support.

Before towing the trailer, test the function of the breakaway brake system. If the breakaway brake system is not working, do not tow the trailer. Have it serviced or repaired.

Do not tow the trailer with the breakaway brake system ON because the brake will overheat which can result in permanent brake failure.

warning

Failure to replace the pull-pin will prevent brakes from working, leading to loss of control, serious injury or death.

If you do not use your trailer for three or more months, or during winter months:

Replace the breakaway brake battery at intervals recommended by the battery manufacturer.

3.2.3.3. Connect the electrical cables

Connect the trailer lights to the tow vehicle's electrical system using the electrical connectors. Check all lights for proper operation:

warning

Improper electrical connection between the tow vehicle and the trailer will result in inoperable lights and electric brakes, and can lead to collision.

Before each tow:

3.2.3.4. Uncoupling the Fifth-Wheel Trailer with Drop-leg Jack

Follow these steps to uncouple your fifth wheel hitch trailer from your tow vehicle

caution

The drop legs are heavily spring loaded in the lowered position. They will rapidly return to the upper position when released and can inflict serious bruises, scrapes or pinching.

Keep your feet, shins and hands well clear of the drop legs and drop leg bases when releasing the drop legs.

Always wear shoes or boots while performing this operation

warning

If the drop legs are not set at the same level, one of the drop leg jacks can be overloaded and can be damaged.

warning

Do not use high speed to lift the trailer, the drop leg jack mechanism can be damaged. High speed is used only to rapidly move the drop leg base into contact with the ground.